This article was first published on KFF Health News.
Online stores emerged during the covid-19 pandemic's telehealth surge promoting testosterone as a fix for age-related men's illnesses, despite the FDA banning off-label advertising years ago. FDA rules issued years ago restricting such “low testosterone” advertising.
On platforms like Google, Facebook, testosterone telemedicine websites may claim to quickly solve issues like low energy and libido in men. However, doctors say there's not enough evidence for those claims. They believe midlife issues linked to testosterone are more likely caused by chronic health conditions, poor diet, or lack of physical activity. In fact, doctors urge caution—and the FDA advises all testosterone supplements to carry a warning about the increased risk of heart attack and stroke.
There are valid medical reasons for treating some men with testosterone. It has been used for decades, including for men with hypogonadism, some transgender men, and women experiencing menopausal symptoms. It has also been used by bodybuilders and athletes to boost strength.
. However, online stores can exaggerate the idea of 'male menopause' or 'manopause' to sell profitable testosterone-boosting injectables, often ignoring safety guidelines that should prevent healthy men from using the hormone. Some of the websites target military veterans.
“I have seen ads online that do cross the line,” said Steven Nissen, a physician and the chief academic officer for the Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute at the Cleveland Clinic. “For mood and low energy, prescribing testosterone provides little to no benefit. They are promoting testosterone for indications that are not on the label.”
Testosterone telehealth websites almost all cite a one study study published in 2002 by New England Research Institutes scientists who found testosterone levels drop 1% a year in men over 40. Stefan Schlatt, director of the Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology at the University of Muenster in Germany, said the data behind the statistic included older men in deteriorating health whose levels declined because of illnesses.
“Healthy men do not show a drop,” he said.
That 2002 study led to a flood of “low-T” ads on U.S. television—ads that were later banned by the FDA in a 2015 ruling that accused the pharmaceutical industry of exaggerating the low-T phenomenon to scare men into buying drugs. According to another study, the market for testosterone supplements stood at $1.85 billion in 2023.
The deluge of ads “has fueled demand for a largely uninsured product, allowing for high markups,” said Geoffrey Joyce, director of health policy at the USC Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics and a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. “The primary driver is manufactured demand.”
Barbara Mintzes, a professor of evidence-based pharmaceutical policy at the University of Sydney’s Charles Perkins Centre in Australia, said low testosterone should really be seen as a sign of a condition that needs to be treated. She said diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, obesity, and exposure to harmful substances such as PFAS, and pressure can all lower testosterone levels.
Multiple websites checked by KFF Health News present themselves as news and fitness magazines, with ads inserted in articles guiding readers to buy forms for testosterone replacement therapy, abbreviated as TRT. The sites’ prices for TRT vary from $120 to $135 a month, not including initial mail-back blood tests for around $60. Some sites promise increased sexual desire and reduced abdominal fat.
Male Excel’s ads on Google, for example, say TRT “enhances mood” and “restores vitality.” And its site says testosterone treatment will provide “muscular definition,” “weight loss,” “intense drive,” “better sleep,” and “renewed energy” above a link to a free assessment on its online telehealth platform. Craig Larsen, the company’s CEO, did not respond to several attempts to contact him by phone and email.
Both Male Excel and Hone Health are among the sites that promote to military veterans. Hone Health included a video of a veteran who said he was denied testosterone treatment by a Department of Veterans Affairs hospital.
Saad Alam, CEO and co-founder of Hone, said that his company is what he called a “conservative” player in the market. He said that Hone prescribes only to men who are hypogonadal and tests men every 90 days, unlike other companies that operate telehealth websites as what he called a “cash grab.”
“I agree that patients should be treated by their doctors. But the U.S. medical system isn’t at a point where it can service men who have this problem, and some endocrinologists would rather treat patients who are higher-profit,” Hone said. “That’s why people are coming to us.”
One popular form of TRT is injectable testosterone cypionate. According to the Medicare average sales price database, it costs $0.027 per milligram. Online sellers who sell the drug directly to consumers in 200 mg/mL vials for an average price of $129 per month are charging the equivalent of $1.55 per mg—a markup of more than 50 times the average Medicare price.
According to a 2022 study, the TRT telehealth websites create a way to circumvent doctors who refuse to prescribe the hormone. In that study, Justin Dubin, a urologist at the Memorial Healthcare System in Florida, posed as an online mystery shopper. He reported an above-normal testosterone level, and stated his desire to start a family, even though such therapy can curb sperm production. But six of the seven unnamed online TRT clinics prescribed him testosterone via a medical professional.
“And that’s concerning,” Dubin said. “Telemedicine helps men with hypogonadism who might be too embarrassed to discuss erectile dysfunction. But we need to do a better job of understanding the appropriateness of care.”
Still, while the FDA doesn’t allow off-label marketing, it does allow such off-label prescriptions.
Off-label use of testosterone replacement has become especially common among veterans. And among male service members who received TRT in 2017, fewer than half met the clinical practice guidelines, according to a report by the U.S. military.
Phil Palmer, a 41-year-old Marine Corps veteran who lives outside Charleston, South Carolina, said he pays out-of-pocket for bloodwork and prescriptions for a pellet skin-implant form of testosterone and for clomiphene, a medication that can help address the male infertility that is a side effect of testosterone treatment. He expressed that the treatment is appealing to him and other veterans dealing with the consequences of military service.
“The environment we served in and stress levels have a lot to do with it,” Palmer said. “We were exposed to burn pits. The military doesn’t teach you to eat well—we ate a lot of processed food.”
In medical settings, TRT can accelerate the recovery of soldiers who have bone density issues or spinal cord injuries, said Mark Peterson, a professor of physical medicine and rehabilitation at the University of Michigan Medical School. But, he said, “for men in the normal-T range, using an online prescription to buy testosterone to reduce stomach fat can be counterproductive.”
Those who use it also risk having to take testosterone medication indefinitely, because TRT can cause the body to cease its own production of the hormone.
Palmer, who founded a nonprofit that helps veterans heal through exercise, nutrition, and mentorship, said the medication has been helpful for him but urges fellow veterans to seek care from their doctors rather than what he called “bro science” websites promoting testosterone.
“It’s not a magic pill,” he said.
KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.
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